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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Quantum non-equilibrium ： ウィキペディア英語版 Quantum non-equilibrium Quantum non-equilibrium is a concept within stochastic formulations of the De Broglie–Bohm theory of quantum physics. In the Copenhagen interpretation, that is, the most widely used interpretation of quantum mechanics, the Born rule $\backslash rho\; (\backslash mathbf,t)\; =\; |\backslash psi(\backslash mathbf,t)|^2$ defines that $\backslash rho$, the probability density function of a particle (that is, the probability to find the particle in the differential volume $d^3\; x$ at time t) equals the absolute square of the wave function $\backslash psi$, and it constitutes one of the fundamental axioms of the theory. This is not the case for the De Broglie–Bohm theory, where the Born rule is not a basic law. Rather, in this theory the link between the probability density and the wave function has the status of a hypothesis, called the quantum equilibrium hypothesis, which is additional to the basic principles governing the wave function, the dynamics of the quantum particles and the Schrödinger equation. (For mathematical details, refer to the derivation by Peter R. Holland.) Accordingly, quantum non-equilibrium describes a state of affairs where the Born rule is not fulfilled; that is, the probability to find the particle in the differential volume $d^3\; x$ at time t is ''unequal'' to $|\backslash psi(\backslash mathbf,t)|^2$. Recent advances in investigations into properties of quantum non-equilibrium states have been performed mainly by theoretical physicist Antony Valentini, and earlier steps in this direction were undertaken by David Bohm, Jean-Pierre Vigier, Basil Hiley and Peter R. Holland. The existence of quantum non-equilibrium states has not been verified experimentally; quantum non-equilibrium is so far a theoretical construct. The relevance of quantum non-equilibrium states to physics lies in the fact that they can lead to different predictions for results of experiments, depending on whether the De Broglie–Bohm theory in its stochastic form or the Copenhagen interpretation is assumed to describe reality. (The Copenhagen interpretation, which stipulates the Born rule ''a priori'', does not foresee the existence of quantum non-equilibrium states at all.) That is, properties of quantum non-equilibrium can make certain classes of Bohmian theories falsifiable according to the criterion of Karl Popper. In practice, when performing Bohmian mechanics computations in quantum chemistry, the quantum equilibrium hypothesis is simply considered to be fulfilled, in order to predict system behaviour and the outcome of measurements. == Relaxation to equilibrium == The causal interpretation of quantum mechanics has been set up by de Broglie and Bohm as a causal, deterministic model, and it was extended later by Bohm, Vigier, Hiley, Valentini and others to include stochastic properties. Bohm and other physicists, including Valentini, view the Born rule linking $R$ to the probability density function $\backslash rho\; =\; R^2\; \backslash quad$ as representing not a basic law, but rather as constituting a result of a system having reached ''quantum equilibrium'' during the course of the time development under the Schrödinger equation. It can be shown that, once an equilibrium has been reached, the system remains in such equilibrium over the course of its further evolution: this follows from the continuity equation associated with the Schrödinger evolution of $\backslash psi$.〔See for ex. Detlef Dürr, Sheldon Goldstein, Nino Zanghí: ''Bohmian mechanics and quantum equilibrium'', Stochastic Processes, Physics and Geometry II. World Scientific, 1995 (page 5 )〕 However, it is less straightforward to demonstrate whether and how such an equilibrium is reached in the first place. In 1991, Valentini provided indications for deriving the quantum equilibrium hypothesis which states that $\backslash rho(X,t)=|\backslash psi(X,t)|^2$ in the framework of the pilot wave theory. (Here, $X$ stands for the collective coordinates of the system in configuration space). Valentini showed that the relaxation $\backslash rho(X,t)$ → $|\backslash psi(X,t)|^2$ may be accounted for by a ''H-theorem'' constructed in analogy to the Boltzmann H-theorem of statistical mechanics.〔James T. Cushing: ''Quantum mechanics: historical contingency and the Copenhagen hegemony'', The University of Chicago Press, 1994, ISBN 0-226-13202-1, (p. 163 )〕〔Antony Valentini: ''Signal-locality, uncertainty, and the sub-quantum H-theorem, I'', Physics Letters A, vol. 156, no. 5, 1991〕 Valentini's derivation of the quantum equilibrium hypothesis was criticized by Detlef Dürr and co-workers in 1992, and the derivation of the quantum equilibrium hypothesis has remained a topic of active investigation.〔Peter J. Riggs: ''Quantum Causality: Conceptual Issues in the Causal Theory of Quantum Mechanics'', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 23, Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-90-481-2402-2, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-2403-9, (p. 76 )〕 Numerical simulations demonstrate a tendency for Born rule distributions to arise spontaneously at short time scales.〔M. D. Towler, N. J. Russell, Antony Valentini: ''Time scales for dynamical relaxation to the Born rule'', Proc. R. Soc. A, published online before print November 30, 2011, DOI 10.1098/rspa.2011.0598 ((full text ))〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Quantum non-equilibrium」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.